They range from free, hobbyist-friendly tools through to complex, commercial tools designed for professional use. That’s where STL repair tools come in, helping you to identify and fix these issues, resulting in a model that is manifold.
For example, a wall with 0-mm thickness can exist in software but not on your build plate.
In an abstract, CAD environment, where models are created, almost anything is possible, but the same can’t be said in the real world, where models are printed. Whatever the exact reasons, the root of these issues often lies within the mesh of connected triangular faces and vertices that STLs use to represent 3D models.
If you’re 3D printing, you’ve probably encountered the dreaded “unprintable STL” problem: Your STL file looks fantastic, but it causes your slicer problems or results in strange misprints or just complete failures.